WHITE BLOOD CELL
Granulocyte series :
Granulocyte are produced by prolifration and maturation of precursors from earlest
stage , myeloblast produce promylocyte then myelocyte then metamyelocyte then staff
form then matur granulocyte (Neutrophils , Eoseniphils and Basophils)
Monocyte macrophage series :
Monoblasts (are immature stage locted in B.M. ) produced promonocytes then
monocytes ( in pripheral blood ).
Lymphoid series:
B cell maturation: pleuripotent stem cell in B.M. produce Blymphopoietic progenitors
then mature Blymphocytes (15 - 20%of lymphocytes in pripheral blood )
T cell maturation : primitive Tcell from B.M. are seeded into thymic cortex and
differentiate into fully mature Tlymphocytes.
They represent 70 – 85 % of blood lymphocytes.
Leucopenia: Decreased total white cell count below 4 x 10 3
Causes:
* Infection : Bacterial : brucellosis, typhoid and paratyphoid miliary TB.
* Viral: infectious hepatitis, influenza, measels, rubella, infectious mononucleosis.
* Rickettsial: Scrub typhus.
* Portozoal: malaria.
* Chemicals: cytotoxic drugs, analgesics, hypnotics, antithyroid drugs, antiepileptic drugs
tranquilizers, antibiotics, gold salts, antimalarial drugs, benzene derivatives, ionizing
radiations.
* Hemopoietic disorders: megaloblastic anemia, hypersplenism, aplastic anemia,
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and agranulocytosis.
Neutropenia: Decreased of neutrophil count below normal absolutelevel ( < style="font-weight: bold;">Lymphopenia: Decreased lymphocyte count ( < style="font-weight: bold;">Leucocytosis: Increase in the number of circulating leucocytes more than 11 x 10 3 /cmm.
Causes:
o Acute infections e.g. abscesses and septicemia.
o Tissue damage e.g. myocardial infarction, burns, gangrene etc….
o Neoplasia.
o Hemorrhage and hemolysis.
o Acute and chronic leukemia & myelofibrosis.
o Drugs e.g. prednisone.
o Metabolic disease e.g. diabtic coma, gout etc…
Eosinophilia: (>0.44 x l0 3 )
Causes:
o Allergy e.g. hay fever, asthma.
o Parasitic infestations: Bilharziasis, ascaris, hydatid cyst.
o Eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, familial eosinophilia.
o Myeloproliferative diseasespostsplenectomy.
o Hodgkin’s disease.
o Pulmonary eosinophilia
o Hypereosinophilic syndrome.
o Eosinophilic leukemia.
o Drugs: liver extract, penicillin, streptomycin, chiorpromazine.
Monocytosis:> 0.8 x 10 9 /L
Causes:
o Chronic infections e.g. TB, brucellosis, malaria, kalaazar,trypanosomiasis, andulcerative colitis.
o Inflammatory disorders e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and SLE.
o Hodgkin’s disease.
o Hematological malignancy e.g. myelomonocytic (MML) leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia.
Basophilia : >0.1 x 10 3 IL
Causes:
o Myxoedema.
o Chicken pox
o Myeloproliferative disorders (polycythemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia).
o Chronic ulcerative colitis.
Lymphocytosis: >4 x10 9 /L
Causes:
o Viral infections; infectious mononucleosis, infectious. lymphocytosis, cytomegalovirus,
rubella and infective hepatitis.
o Bacterial infections; pertussis, TB, brucellosis
o Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
o Lymphomas
Leukemoid Reaction (LR):
It is an extremely high leucocytic count (50 x 103 / cmm) seen in
nonleukemic conditions, simulating myeloid or lyrnphatic leukemia.
It is associated with infections.
Types:
o Myeloid LR. must be differentiated from CML
o Lymphatic LR
Granulocyte are produced by prolifration and maturation of precursors from earlest
stage , myeloblast produce promylocyte then myelocyte then metamyelocyte then staff
form then matur granulocyte (Neutrophils , Eoseniphils and Basophils)
Monocyte macrophage series :
Monoblasts (are immature stage locted in B.M. ) produced promonocytes then
monocytes ( in pripheral blood ).
Lymphoid series:
B cell maturation: pleuripotent stem cell in B.M. produce Blymphopoietic progenitors
then mature Blymphocytes (15 - 20%of lymphocytes in pripheral blood )
T cell maturation : primitive Tcell from B.M. are seeded into thymic cortex and
differentiate into fully mature Tlymphocytes.
They represent 70 – 85 % of blood lymphocytes.
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LEUCOCYTIC COUNT
Leucopenia: Decreased total white cell count below 4 x 10 3
Causes:
* Infection : Bacterial : brucellosis, typhoid and paratyphoid miliary TB.
* Viral: infectious hepatitis, influenza, measels, rubella, infectious mononucleosis.
* Rickettsial: Scrub typhus.
* Portozoal: malaria.
* Chemicals: cytotoxic drugs, analgesics, hypnotics, antithyroid drugs, antiepileptic drugs
tranquilizers, antibiotics, gold salts, antimalarial drugs, benzene derivatives, ionizing
radiations.
* Hemopoietic disorders: megaloblastic anemia, hypersplenism, aplastic anemia,
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and agranulocytosis.
Neutropenia: Decreased of neutrophil count below normal absolutelevel ( < style="font-weight: bold;">Lymphopenia: Decreased lymphocyte count ( < style="font-weight: bold;">Leucocytosis: Increase in the number of circulating leucocytes more than 11 x 10 3 /cmm.
Causes:
o Acute infections e.g. abscesses and septicemia.
o Tissue damage e.g. myocardial infarction, burns, gangrene etc….
o Neoplasia.
o Hemorrhage and hemolysis.
o Acute and chronic leukemia & myelofibrosis.
o Drugs e.g. prednisone.
o Metabolic disease e.g. diabtic coma, gout etc…
Eosinophilia: (>0.44 x l0 3 )
Causes:
o Allergy e.g. hay fever, asthma.
o Parasitic infestations: Bilharziasis, ascaris, hydatid cyst.
o Eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, familial eosinophilia.
o Myeloproliferative diseasespostsplenectomy.
o Hodgkin’s disease.
o Pulmonary eosinophilia
o Hypereosinophilic syndrome.
o Eosinophilic leukemia.
o Drugs: liver extract, penicillin, streptomycin, chiorpromazine.
Monocytosis:> 0.8 x 10 9 /L
Causes:
o Chronic infections e.g. TB, brucellosis, malaria, kalaazar,trypanosomiasis, andulcerative colitis.
o Inflammatory disorders e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and SLE.
o Hodgkin’s disease.
o Hematological malignancy e.g. myelomonocytic (MML) leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia.
Basophilia : >0.1 x 10 3 IL
Causes:
o Myxoedema.
o Chicken pox
o Myeloproliferative disorders (polycythemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia).
o Chronic ulcerative colitis.
Lymphocytosis: >4 x10 9 /L
Causes:
o Viral infections; infectious mononucleosis, infectious. lymphocytosis, cytomegalovirus,
rubella and infective hepatitis.
o Bacterial infections; pertussis, TB, brucellosis
o Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
o Lymphomas
Leukemoid Reaction (LR):
It is an extremely high leucocytic count (50 x 103 / cmm) seen in
nonleukemic conditions, simulating myeloid or lyrnphatic leukemia.
It is associated with infections.
Types:
o Myeloid LR. must be differentiated from CML
o Lymphatic LR
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